Find an orthogonal basis for the column space of the matrix given below:

[ boldsymbol{ left[ begin{array}{ccc} 3 & -5 & 1 \ 1 & 1 & 1 \ -1 & 5 & -2 \ 3 & -7 & -8 end{array} right] }]This question aims to learn the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. The solution given below follows the step-by-step procedure. In Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, we assume the first basis vector […]

Find the rate of change of f at p in the direction of the vector u.

[f(x,y,z) = y^2e^{xyz}, P(0,1,-1), u = <frac{3}{13},frac{4}{13},frac{12}{13}>] This question aims to find the rate of change or gradient and projections of vector spaces onto a given vector. Gradient of a vector can be found using following formula: [nabla f(x,y,z) = bigg ( frac{partial f}{partial x} (x,y,z),frac{partial f}{partial y} (x,y,z),frac{partial f}{partial z} (x,y,z) bigg )] Projection of a […]

Find a single vector x whose image under t is b

 Transformation is defined as T(x)=Ax, find whether x is unique or not. [A=begin{bmatrix} 1 & -5 & -7\ 3 & 7 & 5end{bmatrix}] [B=begin{bmatrix} 2\ 2end{bmatrix}] This question aims to find the uniqueness of vector x with the help of linear transformation. This question uses the concept of Linear transformation with reduced row echelon form. Reduced row echelon form […]

Compute the distance d from y to the line through u and the origin.

[ y = begin {bmatrix} 5 \ 3 end {bmatrix} ] [ u = begin {bmatrix} 4 \ 9 end {bmatrix} ] The question aims to find the distance between vector y to the line through u and the origin. The question is based on the concept of vector multiplication, dot product, and orthogonal projection. […]

Find the vectors T, N, and B, at the given point.

[ R(t) = < t^{2}, frac{2}{3} t^{3} , t > text {and point} < 4, frac{-16}{3}, -2 > ] This question aims to determine the tangent vector, normal vector, and the binormal vector of any given vector. The tangent vector T is a vector that is tangent to the given surface or vector at any […]

Find the dimension of the subspace spanned by the given vectors:

[ begin{bmatrix} 2 \ 4 \ 0 end{bmatrix} , begin{bmatrix} -1\ 6 \ 2 end{bmatrix} , begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 5 \ -3 end{bmatrix} , begin{bmatrix} 7 \ 2 \ 3 end{bmatrix} ] The question aims to find the dimension of the subspace spanned by the given column vectors. The background concepts needed for this question […]

Find the best approximation to z by vectors of the form c1v1 + c2v2

This problem aims to find the best approximation to a vector z by a given combination of vectors as c1v1+c2v2, which is same as the vectors v1 and v2 in span. For this problem, you should know about the best approximation theory, fixed point approximation, and orthogonal projections. We can define fixed-point theory as […]

Let f be a fixed 3×2 matrix, and H be the set of matrices A belonging to a 2×4 matrix. If we assume that the property FA = O holds true, show that H is a subspace of M2×4. Here O represents a zero matrix of order 3×4.

The aim of this question is to comprehend the key linear algebra concepts of vector spaces and vector subspaces. A vector space is defined as a set of all vectors that fulfill the associative and commutative properties for vector addition and scalar multiplication operations. The minimum no. of unique vectors required to describe a certain vector space is called basis vectors. A vector space is an n-dimensional space defined by linear combinations of basis vectors. Mathematically, a […]